INTRODUCTION
European eel Anguilla anguilla (L. 1758) was previously considered one of the most important aquaculture species in both Europe and China, but is now listed as endangered due to the threats of overfishing, diseases, obstacles, ocean current changes, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollution, etc. (de Boer et al., 1994; Dekker, 2004; van Ginneken, 2006; Hendriks et al., 2010; Knights, 2003). Both wild and farmed eels have suffered the attack of various viruses for over years, including herpesvirus, picornavirus and coronavirus (Fichtner et al., 2013; Ge et al., 2012, 2014; Jakob et al., 2009; van Beurden et al., 2012; Yue et al., 1998; Zhang and Gui, 2008).
Fish cell lines play an important role in the studies of aquatic virology, developmental biology, genetics, immunology, physiology, toxicology and pharmacology (Baksi and Frazier, 1990; Bols, 1991; Kohlpoth et al., 1999; Ni Shuilleabhaina et al., 2006). Since the setup of the first teleost cell line RTG-2 (Wolf and Quimby, 1962), over 300 fish cell lines have been established (Fryer and Lannan, 1994; Lakra et al., 2011). Dozens of viruses have been isolated using fish cell lines, and explorations in emerging fields such as immunological signaling, aquatic oligodynamics, genetic engineering and environmental monitoring have shown enormous prospects (Béjar et al., 2002; Bryson et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2005; Dong et al., 2008; Sahul-Hameed et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2003).
To date, cell lines have been developed from only a few species of Anguillidae fishes, or in other words, the Anguillidae invitrome is small (Bols et al., 2017). The first cell lines were developed from the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica (Temminck and Schlegel 1846) (Chen and Kou, 1988; Kou et al., 1995). More recently two cell lines, PBLE and eelB, have been described from the American eel, A. rostrata (Lesueur 1817) (Bloch et al., 2016; Dewitte-Orr et al., 2006). However, few cell lines have been reported from the European eel A. anguilla (Linnaeus 1758). In 2007, we initially tried in vitro tissue and cell culture of multiple European eel organs (Zheng, 2008). In this study, we have developed and characterized a cell line derived from A. anguilla kidney, which proved to be susceptible to Rana grylio virus (RGV). The responses of this cell line to regular immune stimulations were also investigated.
Primary cell culture and subculture
After 24 h of inoculation, cells were migrated outwards from the tissue explants (Fig. 1A) and the first subculture was conducted on day 7. The subculture was performed at a split ratio of 1:2 every 36 h, and these cells were subcultured over 70 times to date. The eel kidney (EK) cell line was anchorage-dependent, predominantly made up of fibroblast-like cells (Fig. 1B) and was maintained in L-15 containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 26°C. The EK cells recovered from liquid nitrogen storage at the 60th subculture – whose average viability was estimated to be 75%–85% – could reach confluency within 2 days.
The growth studies
The EK cells grew into a confluent monolayer at a temperature range between 15°C and 37°C, and at 10°C or 40°C several small colonies were formed. The maximum growth rate was observed at 30°C (Fig. 2) 2–6 days after inoculation, and the passage 63 EK cells presented the logarithmic phase with a population doubling time (PDT) of 50.27 h.
Chromosome analysis
Among the 100 metaphase EK cells counted at passage 58, the chromosome numbers ranged from 24 to 72 (Fig. 3A). Thirty-eight percent of samples presented normal diploid karyotype of 2n=38; of these, the metacentric, submetacentric and telocentric chromosomes were 6, 3 and 10 pairs, respectively (2n=6m+3sm+10t) (Fig. 3B); while the remaining 32% samples contained of 36 or 37 chromosomes. These results suggested that EK may be an aneuploid cell line.
Pegfp-N1 transfection
Green fluorescence signals could be observed in the EK cells at 24 h after transfection, and lasted for 4 days or longer (Fig. 4A,B). The transfection efficiency was estimated to be about 10%.
18s rRNA sequence analysis
The species of the EK cell line was confirmed by 18s rRNA gene analysis. An expected, PCR product of 1702 bp was obtained using specific amplification of 18s rRNA from the extracted total genomic DNA (Fig. S1), which was proved to be 100% identical to the published A. anguilla 18s rRNA sequence (GenBank: FM946070.1).
Susceptibility test
Cytopathic effect was first observed at 24 h after infection, and was covered in over 75% of the monolayer at 48 h (Fig. 5B), while the monolayer in the controls stayed healthy (Fig. 5A). The qRT-PCR standard curve was plotted using linear-regression analysis according to the sequencing report of the pMD-19T-MCP vector: y=−2.914 x+36.505, R2=0.9985, 3≤x≤10 (Fig. 5C), transcripts of MCP were increased significantly in the EK cells from 6 to 48 h after infection with RGV (Fig. 5D).
Immune-related gene expression after poly (I: C) exposure
After poly (I: C) exposure, the expression of TGF-β transcripts reached a peak at 3 h with an increased ratio of 1.99-fold (P<0.05), and then recovered to the initial level. The expressions of irf3 and irf7 were significantly upregulated at 6 h post stimulation (P<0.05), and showed the maximum increase ratio of 14.18-fold and 7.06-fold at 24 h, respectively (P<0.01). The expression of CYP450 was increased gradually and presented a significant difference at 12 h, while the peak was observed at 24 h with an increased ratio of 5.15-fold (P<0.01) (Fig. 6).
The internal control gene β-actin showed no significant change.
DISCUSSION
EK is the first reported visceral cell line of A.anguilla (Fryer and Lannan, 1994; Lakra et al., 2011). As a European catadromous teleost (Schmidt, 1923), the artificial reproduction of A. anguilla is still an unresolved question to date, while the wild embryo or neonatal leptocephalus, or even the glass eels, are also extremely difficult to obtain (Huang and Chen, 1998). Establishment of new continuous cell lines should benefit the researches and protection of critically endangered (CR) animal.
Most of the fish cell cultures use mediums developed for mammalian cells, such as DMEM, Ham's F-12, RPMI-1640, L-15, etc. As an amino acid-rich nutrient medium forming a CO2-free system, L-15 has been used for successful application on fish cell lines and made CO2 incubators unnecessary, which in turn significantly improved the stability and convenience of cell culture (Leibovitz, 1963, 1977). Due to this advantage, more than 80% of the cell lines established after 1994 used Leibovitz's L-15 medium (Lakra et al., 2011). This experiment has proved that L-15 was suitable for European eel tissue and cell culture as well, and this conclusion has been also evidenced by another study on pectoral fin cells of A. anguilla (Mao et al., 2012) and the studies on A. rostrata cell lines (Bloch et al., 2016; Dewitte-Orr et al., 2006).
Fish cell culture has a convenient temperature range wider than mammalian cell culture, and the EK cells were accustomed to a wider temperature window ranging from 15–37°C. The maximum growth rate was observed at 30°C, but the EK cells under this temperature usually were overgrown in 48 h, and the confluent cell layer would be destructed by contraction and cell detachment in 60 h (Fig. S2). The flow cytometer records proved that suspension cells contributed to the total growth significantly at 30°C or higher temperatures. To meet the needs of regular physiological and pathological experiments, the optimal culture temperature of EK cells was designated 26°C, which was the same as for the A. japonica cell line EP-1 (Kou et al., 1995) and the A. rostrata cell line eelB (Bloch et al., 2016), and simiar to the A. rostrata cell line PBLE (28°C) (Dewitte-Orr et al., 2006). The appropriate temperature range for A. anguilla in the culture ponds is 20–26°C (Huang and Chen, 1998).
The karyotype analysis revealed that only 38% of the passage 63 EK cells possessed the modal diploid chromosome number of 2n=38 (Yang et al., 1999). The EK strain showed the property to form neoplasms in vitro, and its aneuploidy suggested the possibility of immortality (Chen et al., 2005). This may be further tested by telomerase activity analysis (Bryson et al., 2006).
Iridoviruses are common pathogens detected in A. japonica (Sorimachi and Egusa, 1987) and other aquaculture species in Fujian province (Yang, 2013). Compared with the former test using the EO cell line (Ge et al., 2012), in which only vesiculation was observed within 1 week, the infection course took much less time on EK cells. The susceptibility of the EK cell line has made it an efficient tool for studying the local viral diseases.
In recent years, cell lines have turned out to be viable tools for function analysis of fish innate immune genes (Poynter and DeWitte-Orr, 2015). Although the rapid responding kinetics of the expression of various immune factors to in vitro or in vivo inflammatory stimulation has been confirmed repeatedly in the teleosts (Haddad et al., 2008; Huang et al., 2014; Maehr et al., 2013; Sudhakumari et al., 2005), the mechanism of inflammation-induced immune modulation still remained ambiguous. The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family members played critical roles in cellular differentiation of hematopoietic cells, and the regulation of gene expression in response to pathogen-derived danger signals to regulate cell cycle and apoptosis (Tamura et al., 2008). Irf3 was once reported to be upregulated in both peripheral blood leukocytes and in vivo after poly (I: C) stimulation in A. Anguilla (Huang et al., 2014), and this has been confirmed in this study in association with the changes of irf7 levels. The CYP gene superfamily consists of a large number of genes encoding P450 enzymes involved in the detoxification of exogenous chemicals (e.g. drugs, chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants) and the metabolism of various endogenous substrates (steroids, fatty acids, vitamins, prostanoids, etc.) (Uno et al., 2012). Since the 1980s, multiple forms of CYPs have been considered common biomarkers in assessing the contamination of the aquatic environment (Bugiak and Weber, 2009; Nilsen et al., 1998; Winston et al., 1988). In this study, the expression of CYP450 showed a significantly long-term upregulation after poly (I: C) induction, indicating the potential of EK cell line for toxicological and pharmacological analysis of aquatic pollutants.
In summary, a continuous cell line from A. anguilla kidney has been established and showed its potential impact for studying infectious viral diseases of Anguillidae fishes and for immune genetic, toxicological and pathological researches, benefitting the protection of A. anguilla.
Primary cell culture and subculture
Healthy A. anguilla (elvers) with an average weight of 2 g from an eel farm in Changle, Fujian, China were kept in clean sea water at room temperature (25–28°C) during transportation. Before dissection, the fish were killed by anesthesia and then disinfected by 2% iodine tincture and 75% alcohol three times, respectively. The kidney tissue of the elvers was removed completely, washed five times with 0.01 mol l−1 PBS containing 200 IU ml−1 of penicillin and 200 μg ml−1 of streptomycin (Sangon) at 0°C, and then minced thoroughly into pieces (c. 1 mm3). The tissue fragments were rinsed three times with PBS, then attached to the bottom of 25 cm2 culture flasks (Corning), and wetted with serum-free Leibovitz’ L-15 (Hyclone) at an interval of 0.5 cm. The full culture medium included L-15 supplemented with 15% FBS (Gibco) and antibiotics as mentioned above. Every single flask was incubated upside-down at 20°C for 6–8 h first. Then 2 ml full culture medium was dripped in before it was overturned to make the tissue explants soaked and 1 ml additional culture medium was added every day till the total volume reached 5 ml. All the flasks were then transferred to 26°C and the culture medium was half-changed every 3 days.
When the radial outgrowths surrounded the tissue explants, the culture was digested with 0.25% trypsin solution (Sigma-Aldrich) at 26°C. After centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 3 min, the cells were collected and suspended in 5 ml full culture medium, then inoculated into a new 12.5 cm2 flask (BD falcon) incubated at 26°C until a cell monolayer was formed.
Cell line development and storage
When a confluent cell monolayer was observed at 26°C, the cells were washed and digested by 0.25% trypsin solution for 1 min, then inoculated to new 25 cm2 flasks with a split ratio of 1:2. From the sixth subculture, the antibiotics were no longer additives, and the concentration of FBS was reduced to 10% in the eighth subculture (Lannan, 1994). After 72 h growth in vitro, the EK cells were harvested and re-suspended in L-15 containing 20% FBS and 10% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO, Sigma-Aldrich) at a density of 106 cells ml−1. The cell suspension was dispensed into 1.2 ml cryogenic vials (Corning) and kept initially at 4°C for 30 min, then at −75°C overnight, and finally transferred into liquid nitrogen (−196°C). Thirty days post cryopreservation, the frozen cells were resuscitated in the water bath at 37°C for 2 min, and then suspended and inoculated into 25 cm2 cell culture flasks at 26°C, wherein a full medium-change in 12 h was necessary. The cell viability was evaluated by Trypan Blue staining (Ott, 2004).
Growth studies
Passage 63 EK cells were inoculated to 25 cm2 flasks (2×105 cells per flask) and incubated at 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 37°C, respectively. Three flasks of cells from each group were harvested and counted by a flow cytometer every day until day 9. The cell PDT was calculated using the below formula (Davis, 2001):(1)
Chromosome analysis
For chromosome analysis, EK cells at passage 58 were transferred into a 75 cm2 culture flask and kept at 26°C for 36 h, and then transferred into L-15 medium containing 2% FBS and 0.5 μg ml−1 Colchicine (Sigma-Aldrich). After incubation for 5 h, the cells were collected with centrifugation and treated with 5 ml of 0.3% KCl for 25 min. The cells were prefixed for 5 min by dropping 1 ml of Carnoy's fixative (methanol:acetic acid=3:1, 0°C) into the suspension. After centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 5 min, the cell pellets were fixed with 2 ml Carnoy's fixative for 10 min. The fixed cells were centrifuged and re-suspended in 2 ml Carnoy's fixative, and then incubated at 4°C overnight. The suspension was dropped on cold glass slides, which were tapped to scatter the samples equally. The slides were then air dried and stained with 10% Giemsa (pH 6.8) for 1 h. Under a Nikon Eclipse TE2000-S fluorescence microscope, 100 metaphase cells were photographed and analyzed (Levan et al., 1964).
Pegfp-N1 transfection
The pEGFP-N1 plasmid (Takara) expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used for cell transfection. The EK cells at passage 60 were inoculated at a density of 1×105 cells well−1 in a 6-well plate. After 48 h, the cells were transfected with 5 μg pEGFP-N1 plasmid in 12 μl lipofectamine™ 2000 reagent (Takara) and incubated at 28°C for 8 h. The cell culture was then transferred to L-15 supplemented with 10% FBS. After 18 h, the fluorescence signals from the cells were observed by a Nikon TE2000S fluorescence microscope, the transfection efficiency was calculated by counting the ratio of GFP-positive cells to all cells in 10 different optical fields.
18s rRNA sequence analysis
For authentication regarding the origin of the EK cell line, its 18s recombinant (r)RNA gene was sequenced (Englisch, 2001; Frankowski and Bastrop, 2010). The total genomic DNA of passage 45 EK cells was extracted using the Gene JET Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The fragments of 18s rRNA gene were amplified using a pair of specific primers (Table 1) designed according to the published total A. anguilla
18s rRNA sequence (GenBank accession no: FM946070.1). The PCR amplification system was composed of a 50 μl reaction mix containing 5.0 μl of 10×buffer, 4.0 μl of deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) mix (2.5 mM each), 2.0 μl of each primer (10μM each), 0.5 μl of EX-taq DNA Polymerase (5 U μl−1; Takara) and 2 μl of the extracted genomic DNA. The optimum conditions for PCR include: initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min, 30 cycles at 94°C for 30 s, 55°C for 1.5 min and 72°C for 1 min, with a final elongation at 72°C for 10 min. The PCR products (5 μl per sample) were collected with High Pure PCR Product Purification Kit (Roche) and analyzed in 1% agarose gels containing 0.5 mg ml−1 ethidium bromide, and then photographed using a FR-980A Gel image analysis system (FURI). The final PCR products were sequenced by Shanghai Sangon Biological Engineering Technology & Services Co., Ltd.
Quantitative real-time PCR for RGV detection
The primers specific for RGV major capsid protein (MCP) gene amplification and qRT-PCR were synthesized by Shanghai Sangon Biological Engineering Technology & Services Co., Ltd (Table 1). The total DNA of the positive control cells was isolated using Gene JET Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The MCP gene 695 bp segment was amplified with a 50 μl PCR reaction mix containing 5.0 μl of 10×Taq buffer (20 mM Mg2+ included), 4.0 μl of deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) mix (2.5 mM each), 2 μl of each primer, 2 μl of DNA templates, 0.5 μl ExTaq (5 U μl−1, Takara) and ddH2O.The cycling conditions were as follows: 95°C for 3 min, then 30 cycles at 94°C for 30 s, 55°C for 30 s, 72°C for 35 s. The PCR products were collected and purified using 2% agarose gel and the SanPrep Column DNA Gel Extraction Kit (Sangon). The MCP segment was ligated to the pMD19-T vector with a pMD-19T vector cloning kit (Takara), and expressed in E. coli DH5α strain. The concentration of the amplified plasmid was measured with a NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and converted to the copy number. The plasmid sample was diluted to 1010−101 copies μl−1 for establishing the standard curve. The qRT-PCR was carried out with an Applied Biosystems®7500 Real-Time PCR System (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using a SYBR® PremixEx TaqT M II kit (Takara). The standard amplification reaction was performed under the following conditions: 95°C for 30 s, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 50 s, 60°C for 34 s; and the dissociation curve determination conditions were as follows: 95°C for 15 s, 60°C for 60 s, 95°C for 15 s.
Susceptibility test
The susceptibility of EK cells to RGV was investigated. Purified viral samples were prepared according to the previous study (Liu et al., 2012; Ge et al., 2014). The EK cells at passage 45 were inoculated into 25 cm2 culture flasks and incubated at 26°C for 48 h, then washed with 0.01 mol l−1 PBS. 1 ml of virus suspension (dilution=10−1) was added to each flask respectively and removed after 2 h incubation. The infected cells were kept at 26°C in L-15 supplemented with 2% FBS, and observed for a cytopathic effect (CPE) daily under a Nikon ECLIPSE TE2000-S fluorescence microscope. Total DNA was extracted from the cells at 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after infection with Gene JET Genomic DNA Purification Kit, and used as the templates for qRT-PCR. The virus copy number was calculated with the CT standard curve.
Immune-related gene expression after poly (I: C) exposure
To define the responses of this cell line to immune stimulations, the changes of the expression of interferon regulatory factor-7 (irf7, GenBank accession no. KF577784.1), interferon regulatory factor-3 (irf3, GenBank accession no. KF577783.1), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β, GenBank accession no. AJ318934.1) and cytochrome P450 (CYP19A1, GenBank accession no. KF990052.1) in the EK cells caused by poly (I: C) induction were detected using qRT-PCR (Wang et al., 2014). Poly (I: C) (final concentration=10 μg ml−1; Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the culture medium, and the cells were collected after 3, 6, 12 and 24 h incubation. The total RNA was extracted using a TRIzol®Plus RNA Purification Kit (Invitrogen), and then reverse transcribed into first-strand cDNA as the template for qRT-PCR with SuperScript™ III First-Strand Synthesis Super Mix for qRT-PCR (Invitrogen). With the primers designed by Primer Premier 6.0 and Beacon designer 7.8 (Table 1), qRT-PCR was performed in the CFX384 Touch™ Real-Time PCR Detection System (Biorad) using the Power SYBR® Green PCR Master Mix reagent (Applied Biosystems). The conditions of reaction system were as follows: a 20 μl reaction mix containing 8.0 μl of ddH2O, 10.0 μl of Power SYBR® Green PCR Master Mix, 0.5 μl of each primer and 1.0 μl of first-strand cDNA, while the cycling conditions were as follows: initial temperature at 95°C for 1 min, then 40 cycles at 95°C for 15 s, 63°C for 25 s. The 2−ΔΔct method was used to analyze the relative expression level.
Statistical analysis
Each experiment was repeated at least three times. The data are shown as mean±s.e.m., and the statistical significance was determined using one-way analysis of variance (Dunnett's T3 test) (Davis, 2001). Statistical analysis was done using SPSS (www.ibm.com/analytics/).